1. Contribution from the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Material Engineering Division III Vehicle Engineering group, Toyota Motor Corporation, Higashifuji Technical Center, Shizuoka, Japan, and Innovative Technology Laboratory, R&D, Nippon Paint Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan