1. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan, Fracture and Reliability Research Institute, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku Univesity, Sendai 980-8577, Japan