1. Center for Sickle Cell Disease, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, United States
2. Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, United States
3. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, United States
4. Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059 United States
5. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 United States
6. Department of Natural Science, Bowie State University, Bowie, Maryland 20715, United States