1. Institute for Chemical Process and Environmental Technology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, V. Bede Technical Associates, 614 Laverendrye Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1J 7C4, Canada, and Syncrude Canada Ltd., Edmonton Research Centre, 9421-17 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6N 1H4, Canada