1. Chemistry of bicyclic pyridines containing a ring-junction nitrogen
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3. Synthesis of 6-substituted 7-aryl-5,6-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine(1H,3H)-2,4-diones using the Vilsmeier reaction
4. Regioselective formylation of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine systems using Vilsmeier–Haack conditions