1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Ohkubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan, Kagami Memorial Laboratory for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, Nishiwaseda 2-8-26, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan, and Department of Earth Sciences, Waseda University, Nishiwaseda 1-6-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan