1. Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, Orange County Sanitation District, 10844 Ellis Avenue, Fountain Valley, California 92708, and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, 8602 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California 93027