1. Division of Built Environment, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan, Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan, and Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan