1. Departments of Geosciences, Materials Science and Engineering and Mathematics, Department of Physics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, U.S.A., Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A., and Chemical and Materials Science Division, and the W.R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,...