1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
2. Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, State University of New York—University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
3. Environmental Quality Office, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48126, United States
4. Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48121, United States