1. Department of Civil
and Environmental
Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
2. Center for the Environmental
Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), P.O. Box 90287, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0287,
United States
3. Surface and
Aqueous Geochemistry
Group, Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115,
United States
4. Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
5. Department of Photon Science
and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road,
Menlo Park, California 94025, United States