1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
2. Center for Environmental Implications of Nano Technology (CEINT), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
3. Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
4. Chevron Energy Technology Company, San Ramon, California 94583, United States
5. Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
6. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States