1. Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2. Tsinghua-Rio Tinto Joint Research Center for Resource Energy and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
3. Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization, Xicheng District, Beijing 100031, China
4. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
5. China Electric Power Planning and Engineering Institute, Beijing 100120, China
6. College of Resource and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou China