Biomarkers of Organophosphate and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Flame Retardants of American Workers and Associations with Inhalation and Dermal Exposures

Author:

Estill Cheryl Fairfield1,Mayer Alexander C.1ORCID,Chen I-Chen1ORCID,Slone Jonathan2,LaGuardia Mark J.3,Jayatilaka Nayana4,Ospina Maria4,Sjodin Andreas4,Calafat Antonia M.4

Affiliation:

1. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, United States

2. RCS Corporation, Charlotte, North Carolina 27277, United States

3. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, United States

4. National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States

Funder

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Publisher

American Chemical Society (ACS)

Reference64 articles.

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Flame retardants used in flexible polyurethane foam: an alternatives assessment update. last revised September 2015. https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice/flame-retardants-used-flexible-polyurethane-foam (accessed 2024–03–15).

2. EPA. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) significant new use rules (SNUR). last revised March 2012. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/polybrominated-diphenylethers-pbdes-significant-new-use#:~:text=On%20March%2020%2C%202012%2C%20EPA (accessed 2024–03–15).

3. United Nations Environmental Programme. The new POPs under the Stockholm Convention. Last revised May 2023. https://www.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/TheNewPOPs/tabid/2511/Default.aspx (accessed 2024–03–15).

4. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). C.P.S.C. Guidance Document on Hazardous Additive, Non-Polymeric Organohalogen Flame Retardants in Certain Consumer Products Federal Register Notice. Last revised 09–28–2017. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/09/28/2017-20733/guidance-document-on-hazardous-additive-non-polymeric-organohalogen-flame-retardants-in-certain (accessed 2024–03–15).

5. EPA. Q&A Consumer Fact Sheet on Flame Retardants. Last revised June 2014. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-06/documents/flameretardant_consumerfactsheet.pdf (accessed 2024–03–15).

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