1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, and Michigan Technological University Transportation Institute, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931