1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
3. Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
4. Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
5. Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
6. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
7. Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, 810 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States