1. Center for Biofilm Engineering and Departments of Civil Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173980, Room 366 EPS, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3980, Department of Chemical Engineering, University “La Sapienza”, Via Eudossiana, 18 00184 Rome, Italy, and Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, İstanbul University, Avcılar, 34320 İstanbul, Turkey