1. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5, Center for Eco-chemistry and Environmental Technologies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China 400044, and Syncrude Research Center, Syncrude Canada, 9421-17th Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6N 1H4