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2. Regiospecific alkyne-formate ester reactions catalyzed by palladium(0)
3. Synthesis of unsaturated esters, including t-alkyl esters, by the palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of alkynes in the presence of alcohols and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane
4. Palladium-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of alkynes with formic acid
5. Regioselective palladium (II) catalyzed hydroesterification of alkynes and alkynols using formate esters