1. Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Discipline, Lakewood, Colorado 80225, Department of Geosciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, and Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada