Acceleration of the selection process in the population of Black and Spotted cattle by using genetic markers

Abstract

Genetic researches of cattle breeds in the western region of Ukraine are ecologically necessary, and they also become the most actual in connection with the formation of breed associations. In addition, the research of the genetic characteristics of various breeds for use in agricultural production is an attempt to identify the most common genetically determined characteristics in the herd. The choice of such economically valuable characteristics is determined by modern methods of research in agriculture by selecting herds with such a gene pool in which this characteristic is the most typical. The genetic structure was evaluated by genetically determined polymorphism of blood groups and genetic-biochemical systems. Experiments were carried out on erythrocytes and blood plasma. Blood from the animals was taken from the jugular vein in a test tube with heparin. Polymorphism of proteins and enzymes was evaluated using the method of electrophoretic separation of proteins in 13 % starch gel in horizontal chambers followed with subsequent histochemical staining. Group erythrocyte antigens were determined according to the generally accepted methodology based on hemolytic tests using 48 reagents of 9 genetic systems. The genetic structure of this breed is characterized by the following features: the transferrin locus is characterized by the greatest heterozygosity – 0.729, but according to the Hardy-Weinberg law, this locus is in a balanced state (Р – 0.104). The dominant frequency of occurrence is the allele Tf A – 0.438, mainly as a result of AD1 and AD2 heterozygotes. The amylase locus (AM-l) is in an unbalanced state – there are not enough heterozygotes and too many homozygotes (Р – 0.013). The frequencies of occurrence of two alleles Am-l B and Am-l C are the same and amount to 0.500. Hemoglobin is monomorphic in all investigated animals (hemoglobin AA). For purine nucleoside phosphorylase (NP), there are no significant differences within the studied group of animals.The higher frequency of occurrence of the Np L allele is 0.872, but the Np H allele occurs less often, its frequency is 0.128, the heterozygosity of this locus is 0.225. As for blood groups, the vast majority of antigens detected with the help of 48 specific antisera are found in the antigenic spectrum of the investigated Black and Spotted dairy breed. However, the frequency of some antigens (less than 0.057) is extremely low (I1, Q, T1, T2, P1, P2, Y, R, U, I', B'', H''), others (J, B ', U') is slightly higher (0.082-0.099), and some (A2, G2, G3, B2, I2, O1, O2, Y2, D', G', E'2, O', Q', G'', C1, C2, E, W, X2, L, F, S, H'', Z) was sufficiently high (from 0.11 to 0.888). The Black and Spotted dairy breed has a unique genetic structure based on the investigated loci.