1. Russell's account, in The Problems of Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1912), of the relation between memory and the concept of the past, is influenced by Chapters 15 and 16 of W. James, The Principles of Psychology, Vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1890). The first of these seeks to locate 'the original of our experience of pastness, from whence we get the meaning of the term' (ibid.: 605), in the perception of time
2. the second, however, argues that conceiving the past, in such a way that we can 'mentally project' (ibid.: 643) events into it, requires memory. An alternative account on which the origins of the concept of the past lie in perception can also be found in A. J. Ayer, The Problem of Knowledge (London: Macmillan, 1956). Attempts to ground grasp of the concept of the past in perception are criticized in C. Hoerl, 'The Perception of Time and the Notion of a Point of View', European Journal of Philosophy 6 (1998): 156-71.