1. In the context of textbooks, Apple and Christian-Smith (1991, p. 11) explain that whilst progressive items may be mentioned, they will not be developed in depth, and it is through this `mentioning' that dominant cultures maintain an ideological hegemony. Drawing on Bernstein's concept of recontextualization, Thomas (2003) describes how discourse can be acquired and appropriated by different fields to suit their own context or agenda. This is described by Apple and Christian-Smith (1991, p. 10) as `reaching into [other] cultures' and shuffling those cultures on to their own ideological `terrain'.