Increased fluctuation in a butterfly metapopulation leads to diploid males and decline of a hyperparasitoid

Author:

Nair Abhilash1ORCID,Nonaka Etsuko12ORCID,van Nouhuys Saskya13ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland

2. Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden

3. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

Abstract

Climate change can increase spatial synchrony of population dynamics, leading to large-scale fluctuation that destabilizes communities. High trophic level species such as parasitoids are disproportionally affected because they depend on unstable resources. Most parasitoid wasps have complementary sex determination, producing sterile males when inbred, which can theoretically lead to population extinction via the diploid male vortex (DMV). We examined this process empirically using a hyperparasitoid population inhabiting a spatially structured host population in a large fragmented landscape. Over four years of high host butterfly metapopulation fluctuation, diploid male production by the wasp increased, and effective population size declined precipitously. Our multitrophic spatially structured model shows that host population fluctuation can cause local extinctions of the hyperparasitoid because of the DMV. However, regionally it persists because spatial structure allows for efficient local genetic rescue via balancing selection for rare alleles carried by immigrants. This is, to our knowledge, the first empirically based study of the possibility of the DMV in a natural host–parasitoid system.

Funder

Suomen Kulttuurirahasto

Vetenskapsrådet

Suomen Akatemia

H2020 European Research Council

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Environmental Science,General Immunology and Microbiology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine

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