Sexual selection on male vocal fundamental frequency in humans and other anthropoids

Author:

Puts David A.12,Hill Alexander K.1,Bailey Drew H.3,Walker Robert S.4,Rendall Drew5,Wheatley John R.1,Welling Lisa L. M.6,Dawood Khytam7,Cárdenas Rodrigo7,Burriss Robert P.8ORCID,Jablonski Nina G.1,Shriver Mark D.1,Weiss Daniel7,Lameira Adriano R.910,Apicella Coren L.11,Owren Michael J.12,Barelli Claudia13,Glenn Mary E.14,Ramos-Fernandez Gabriel15

Affiliation:

1. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

2. Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

3. School of Education, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA

4. Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA

5. Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1 K 3M4

6. Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA

7. Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

8. Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK

9. Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK

10. Pongo Foundation, Papenhoeflaan 91, Oudewater 3421XN, The Netherlands

11. Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

12. OSV Acoustical Associates and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

13. Sezione di Biodiversità Tropicale, Museo delle Scienze, Trento 38122, Italy

14. Department of Anthropology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA

15. CIIDIR Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico and C3-Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Mexico 04510, Mexico

Abstract

In many primates, including humans, the vocalizations of males and females differ dramatically, with male vocalizations and vocal anatomy often seeming to exaggerate apparent body size. These traits may be favoured by sexual selection because low-frequency male vocalizations intimidate rivals and/or attract females, but this hypothesis has not been systematically tested across primates, nor is it clear why competitors and potential mates should attend to vocalization frequencies. Here we show across anthropoids that sexual dimorphism in fundamental frequency ( F 0 ) increased during evolutionary transitions towards polygyny, and decreased during transitions towards monogamy. Surprisingly, humans exhibit greater F 0 sexual dimorphism than any other ape. We also show that low- F 0 vocalizations predict perceptions of men's dominance and attractiveness, and predict hormone profiles (low cortisol and high testosterone) related to immune function. These results suggest that low male F 0 signals condition to competitors and mates, and evolved in male anthropoids in response to the intensity of mating competition.

Funder

National Institute of Mental Health

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Environmental Science,General Immunology and Microbiology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine

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