Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi's iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events

Author:

Frantz Laurent A. F.12ORCID,Rudzinski Anna3,Nugraha Abang Mansyursyah Surya4,Evin Allowen56ORCID,Burton James78,Hulme-Beaman Ardern26ORCID,Linderholm Anna29,Barnett Ross210,Vega Rodrigo11,Irving-Pease Evan K.2,Haile James210,Allen Richard2,Leus Kristin1213,Shephard Jill1415,Hillyer Mia1416,Gillemot Sarah14,van den Hurk Jeroen14,Ogle Sharron17,Atofanei Cristina11,Thomas Mark G.3,Johansson Friederike18,Mustari Abdul Haris19,Williams John20,Mohamad Kusdiantoro21,Damayanti Chandramaya Siska21,Wiryadi Ita Djuwita,Obbles Dagmar22,Mona Stephano2324,Day Hally25,Yasin Muhammad25,Meker Stefan26,McGuire Jimmy A.27,Evans Ben J.28,von Rintelen Thomas29,Ho Simon Y. W.30,Searle Jeremy B.31,Kitchener Andrew C.3233,Macdonald Alastair A.7,Shaw Darren J.7ORCID,Hall Robert4,Galbusera Peter14,Larson Greger2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

2. The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK

3. Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK

4. SE Asia Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK

5. Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 05, France

6. Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, 12-14 Abercromby Square, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK

7. Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK

8. IUCN SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group and Chester Zoo, Cedar House, Caughall Road, Upton by Chester, Chester CH2 1LH, UK

9. Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4352, USA

10. Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark

11. Ecology Research Group, Section of Life Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury CT1 1QU, Kent, UK

12. Copenhagen Zoo, IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group—Europe, Roskildevej 38, Postboks 7, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark

13. European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, PO Box 20164, 1000 HD Amsterdam, The Netherlands

14. Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC), Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Koningin Astridplein 20-26, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium

15. Environment and Conservation Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia

16. Molecular Systematics Unit/Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, Australia

17. Edinburgh Medical School: BMTO, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK

18. Gothenburg Natural History Museum, Box 7283, 402 35 Gothenburg, Sweden

19. Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, PO Box 168, Bogor 16001, Indonesia

20. Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Southern Australia 5371, Australia

21. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Agatis, IPB Campus, Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia

22. Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

23. Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 16 rue Buffon, CP39, 75005 Paris, France

24. EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France

25. No affiliation

26. Department of Zoology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany

27. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

28. Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

29. Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany

30. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia

31. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

32. Department of Natural Sciences, Chambers Street, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK

33. Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK

Abstract

The high degree of endemism on Sulawesi has previously been suggested to have vicariant origins, dating back to 40 Ma. Recent studies, however, suggest that much of Sulawesi's fauna assembled over the last 15 Myr. Here, we test the hypothesis that more recent uplift of previously submerged portions of land on Sulawesi promoted diversification and that much of its faunal assemblage is much younger than the island itself. To do so, we combined palaeogeographical reconstructions with genetic and morphometric datasets derived from Sulawesi's three largest mammals: the babirusa, anoa and Sulawesi warty pig. Our results indicate that although these species most likely colonized the area that is now Sulawesi at different times (14 Ma to 2–3 Ma), they experienced an almost synchronous expansion from the central part of the island. Geological reconstructions indicate that this area was above sea level for most of the last 4 Myr, unlike most parts of the island. We conclude that emergence of land on Sulawesi (approx. 1–2 Myr) may have allowed species to expand synchronously. Altogether, our results indicate that the establishment of the highly endemic faunal assemblage on Sulawesi was driven by geological events over the last few million years.

Funder

Natural Environment Research Council

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Environmental Science,General Immunology and Microbiology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine

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