Musculature of an Early Cambrian cycloneuralian animal

Author:

Zhang Huaqiao1ORCID,Xiao Shuhai2ORCID,Eriksson Mats E.3ORCID,Duan Baichuan4ORCID,Maas Andreas5

Affiliation:

1. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China

2. Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

3. Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden

4. Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resource, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China

5. Galgenackerweg 25, Blaustein 89134, Germany

Abstract

Cycloneuralians are ecdysozoans with a fossil record extending to the Early Cambrian Fortunian Age and represented mostly by cuticular integuments. However, internal anatomies of Fortunian cycloneuralians are virtually unknown, hampering our understanding of their functional morphology and phylogenetic relationships. Here we report the exceptional preservation of cycloneuralian introvert musculature in Fortunian rocks of South China. The musculature consists of an introvert body-wall muscular grid of four circular and 36 radially arranged longitudinal muscle bundles, as well as an introvert circular muscle associated with 19 roughly radially arranged, short retractors. Collectively, these features support at least a scalidophoran affinity, and the absence of muscles associated with a mouth cone and scalids further indicates a priapulan affinity. As in modern scalidophorans, the fossil musculature, and particularly the introvert circular muscle retractors, may have controlled introvert inversion and facilitated locomotion and feeding. This work supports the evolution of scalidophoran-like or priapulan-like introvert musculature in cycloneuralians at the beginning of the Cambrian Period.

Funder

U.S. National Science Foundation

Swedish Research Council

Key R&D Program of China

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Environmental Science,General Immunology and Microbiology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine

Reference84 articles.

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