Cool-edge populations of the kelp Ecklonia radiata under global ocean change scenarios: strong sensitivity to ocean warming but little effect of ocean acidification

Author:

Britton Damon1ORCID,Layton Cayne1ORCID,Mundy Craig N.1,Brewer Elizabeth A.2,Gaitán-Espitia Juan Diego3ORCID,Beardall John4,Raven John A.567,Hurd Catriona L.1

Affiliation:

1. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia

2. CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia

3. School of Biological Sciences and the SWIRE Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of Hong-Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China

4. School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia

5. Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK

6. School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia

7. Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia

Abstract

Kelp forests are threatened by ocean warming, yet effects of co-occurring drivers such as CO 2 are rarely considered when predicting their performance in the future. In Australia, the kelp Ecklonia radiata forms extensive forests across seawater temperatures of approximately 7–26°C. Cool-edge populations are typically considered more thermally tolerant than their warm-edge counterparts but this ignores the possibility of local adaptation. Moreover, it is unknown whether elevated CO 2 can mitigate negative effects of warming. To identify whether elevated CO 2 could improve thermal performance of a cool-edge population of E. radiata , we constructed thermal performance curves for growth and photosynthesis, under both current and elevated CO 2 (approx. 400 and 1000 µatm). We then modelled annual performance under warming scenarios to highlight thermal susceptibility. Elevated CO 2 had minimal effect on growth but increased photosynthesis around the thermal optimum. Thermal optima were approximately 16°C for growth and approximately 18°C for photosynthesis, and modelled performance indicated cool-edge populations may be vulnerable in the future. Our findings demonstrate that elevated CO 2 is unlikely to offset negative effects of ocean warming on the kelp E. radiata and highlight the potential susceptibility of cool-edge populations to ocean warming.

Funder

Australian Research Council

Publisher

The Royal Society

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