Unconventional life history in a migratory shorebird: desegregating reproduction and migration

Author:

Slezak Colby R.1ORCID,Blomberg Erik J.2,Roth Amber M.2,Berigan Liam A.2,Fish Alexander C.2,Darling Rachel2ORCID,Clements Sarah J.2,Balkcom Greg3,Carpenter Bobbi4,Costanzo Gary5,Duguay Jeffrey6,Graham Clayton L.1,Harvey William7,Hook Michael8,Howell Douglas L.9,Maddox Seth10,Meyer Shawn W.11,Nichols Theodore C.12,Pollard J. Bruce13,Roy Christian14,Stiller Joshua C.15,Straub Jacob N.16,Tetreault Mathieu17,Tyl Reina18ORCID,Williams Lisa18,Kilburn Jennifer E.19,McWilliams Scott R.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA

2. University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA

3. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Resources Division, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA

4. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA

5. Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources, Charles City, VA 23188, USA

6. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70898, USA

7. Wildlife and Heritage Service, Department of Natural Resources, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA

8. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Columbia, SC 29202, USA

9. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Edenton, NC 27932, USA

10. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Montgomery, AL 36130, USA

11. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1V 1C7

12. New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, Woodbine, NJ 08270, USA

13. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada E4L 1G6

14. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saint-Joseph Gatineau, Quebec, Canada K1A 0H3

15. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY 12233, USA

16. State University of New York Brockport, Brockport, NY 14420, USA

17. Environment and Climate Change Canada, D'Estimauville, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 0C3

18. Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA

19. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, West Kingston, RI 02892, USA

Abstract

Conventional life-history theory predicts that energy-demanding events such as reproduction and migration must be temporally segregated to avoid resource limitation. Here, we provide, to our knowledge, the first direct evidence of ‘itinerant breeding’ in a migratory bird, an incredibly rare breeding strategy (less than 0.1% of extant bird species) that involves the temporal overlap of migratory and reproductive periods of the annual cycle. Based on GPS-tracking of over 200 female American woodcock, most female woodcock (greater than 80%) nested more than once (some up to six times) with short re-nest intervals, and females moved northwards on average 800 km between first and second nests, and then smaller distances ( ca 200+ km) between subsequent nesting attempts. Reliance on ephemeral habitat for breeding, ground-nesting and key aspects of life history that reduce both the costs of reproduction and migration probably explain the prevalence of this rare phenotype in woodcock and why itinerant breeding so rarely occurs in other bird species.

Funder

Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management via U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Sport Fish Restoration Program

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Webless Migratory Game Bird Research Fund

US Department of Agriculture Hatch

US Department of Agriculture McIntire-Stennis grant

Publisher

The Royal Society

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