Survival improvements of marine mammals in zoological institutions mirror historical advances in human longevity

Author:

Tidière Morgane123ORCID,Colchero Fernando145ORCID,Staerk Johanna123ORCID,Adkesson Michael J.6,Andersen Ditte H.2,Bland Lucie37,Böye Martin8,Brando Sabrina9ORCID,Clegg Isabella10ORCID,Cubaynes Sarah11ORCID,Cutting Amy12,De Man Danny13,Derocher Andrew E.14ORCID,Dorsey Candice15,Elgar William16,Gaglione Eric17,Anderson Hansen Kirstin218ORCID,Jungheim Allison19,Kok José20,Laule Gail21,Goya Agustín Lopez22,Miller Lance6,Monreal-Pawlowsky Tania23,Mucha Katelyn3,Owen Megan A.24ORCID,Petersen Stephen D.25ORCID,Pilfold Nicholas24ORCID,Richardson Douglas2627,Richardson Evan S.28ORCID,Sabo Devon29ORCID,Sato Nobutaka30,Shellabarger Wynona31,Skovlund Cecilie R.3233ORCID,Tomisawa Kanako34ORCID,Trautwein Sandra E.3,Van Bonn William35ORCID,Van Elk Cornelis36,Von Fersen Lorenzo37ORCID,Wahlberg Magnus218ORCID,Zhang Peijun38,Zhang Xianfeng39ORCID,Conde Dalia A.12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics (CPop), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

2. Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark

3. Conservation and Science Department, Species360, 7900 International Drive, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55425, USA

4. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

5. Department of Primate Behavior and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Pl. 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany

6. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, USA

7. Eureka Publishing, Thornbury, Australia

8. Centre de Recherche et d'Etude pour l'Animal Sauvage, Planète Sauvage, 44710 Port Saint Pere, France

9. AnimalConcepts, PO Box 378, 03725 Teulada, Alicante, Spain

10. Animal Welfare Expertise, The Knoll, Woodlands, Combe Martin, EX34 0ATLittleton Manor, Winchester SO22 6QU, UK

11. CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Montpellier, France

12. Polar Bear International, PO Box 3008, Bozeman, MT, USA

13. European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), Plantage Middelaan 45, 1018-DC Amsterdam, The Netherlands

14. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9

15. Association of Zoos and Aquariums, 8403 Colesville Road Ste 710, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA

16. Zoo Miami, 12400 SW 152 Street, Miami, FL 33177, USA

17. Georgia Aquarium, 225 Baker Street, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA

18. Marine Biological Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Hindsholmvej 11, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark

19. Como Park Zoo and Conservatory, 1225 Estabrook Dr., Saint Paul, MN 55103, USA

20. Ouwehands Zoo, Grebbeweg 111, 3911 AV Rhenen, The Netherlands

21. Mandai Wildlife Group, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore 729826

22. Zoo Aquarium de Madrid, Casa de Campo s/n, 28011 Madrid, Spain

23. International Zoo Veterinary Group, Keighley, UK

24. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Rd., Escondido, CA, USA

25. Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

26. Zoological Consultancy Ltd, Columba Cottage, Mill Rd, Kingussie PH21 1LF, UK

27. EAZA Polar Bear EEP, Amsterdam, Netherlands

28. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Unit 150–234 Donald Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 1M8, Canada

29. Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, 4850 W. Powell Road, PO Box 400, Powell, OH 43065-0400, USA

30. Asahiyama Zoological Park, Kuranuma, Higasiasahikawacho, Asahikawa city, Japan

31. Detroit Zoological Society, 8450 W. 10 Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI 48067, USA

32. Conservation, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark

33. Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark

34. Omuta City Zoo, 163 Showa-machi, Omuta, Fukuoka 836-0871, Japan

35. A. Watson Armour III, Center for Animal Health and Welfare, Animal Care and Science Division, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL 60605, USA

36. Independent practitioner, Arendsweg 98, Enschede 7544RM, The Netherlands

37. Nuremberg Zoo, Am Tiergarten 30, 90480 Nuremberg, Germany

38. Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, People's Republic of China

39. Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China

Abstract

An intense public debate has fuelled governmental bans on marine mammals held in zoological institutions. The debate rests on the assumption that survival in zoological institutions has been and remains lower than in the wild, albeit the scientific evidence in support of this notion is equivocal. Here, we used statistical methods previously applied to assess historical improvements in human lifespan and data on 8864 individuals of four marine mammal species (harbour seal, Phoca vitulina ; California sea lion, Zalophus californianus ; polar bear, Ursus maritimus ; common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus ) held in zoos from 1829 to 2020. We found that life expectancy increased up to 3.40 times, and first-year mortality declined up to 31%, during the last century in zoos. Moreover, the life expectancy of animals in zoos is currently 1.65–3.55 times longer than their wild counterparts. Like humans, these improvements have occurred concurrently with advances in management practices, crucial for population welfare. Science-based decisions will help effective legislative changes and ensure better implementation of animal care.

Funder

National Institutes of Health

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Environmental Science,General Immunology and Microbiology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine

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