A new primate from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the monophyly of Burmese amphipithecids

Author:

Beard K. Christopher1,Marivaux Laurent2,Chaimanee Yaowalak3,Jaeger Jean-Jacques4,Marandat Bernard2,Tafforeau Paul5,Soe Aung Naing6,Tun Soe Thura7,Kyaw Aung Aung8

Affiliation:

1. Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA

2. Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France

3. Paleontology Division, Bureau of Paleontology and Museum, Department of Mineral Resources, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

4. Institut International de Paléoprimatologie, Paléontologie Humaine, Evolution et Paléoenvironnements, Université de Poitiers, 40, Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France

5. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble, France

6. Department of Geology, Hpa-an University, Hpa-an, Myanmar

7. Myanmar Geosciences Society, MES Building, Hlaing University, Yangon, Myanmar

8. Department of Archaeology, National Museum and Historical Research (Upper Myanmar), Ministry of Culture, Mandalay, Myanmar

Abstract

The family Amphipithecidae is one of the two fossil primate taxa from Asia that appear to be early members of the anthropoid clade. Ganlea megacanina , gen. et sp. nov., is a new amphipithecid from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation of central Myanmar. The holotype of Ganlea is distinctive in having a relatively enormous lower canine showing heavy apical wear, indicating an important functional role of the lower canine in food preparation and ingestion. A phylogenetic analysis of amphipithecid relationships suggests that Ganlea is the sister taxon of Myanmarpithecus , a relatively small-bodied taxon that has often, but not always, been included in Amphipithecidae. Pondaungia is the sister taxon of the Ganlea + Myanmarpithecus clade. All three Pondaung amphipithecid genera are monophyletic with respect to Siamopithecus , which is the most basal amphipithecid currently known. The inclusion of Myanmarpithecus in Amphipithecidae diminishes the likelihood that amphipithecids are specially related to adapiform primates. Extremely heavy apical wear has been documented on the lower canines of all three genera of Burmese amphipithecids. This distinctive wear pattern suggests that Burmese amphipithecids were an endemic radiation of hard object feeders that may have been ecological analogues of living New World pitheciin monkeys.

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Environmental Science,General Immunology and Microbiology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine

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