Calcium and ATP control multiple vital functions

Abstract

Life on Planet Earth, as we know it, revolves around adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a universal energy storing molecule. The metabolism of ATP requires a low cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration, and hence tethers these two molecules together. The exceedingly low cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration (which in all life forms is kept around 50–100 nM) forms the basis for a universal intracellular signalling system in which Ca 2+ acts as a second messenger. Maintenance of transmembrane Ca 2+ gradients, in turn, requires ATP-dependent Ca 2+ transport, thus further emphasizing the inseparable links between these two substances. Ca 2+ signalling controls the most fundamental processes in the living organism, from heartbeat and neurotransmission to cell energetics and secretion. The versatility and plasticity of Ca 2+ signalling relies on cell specific Ca 2+ signalling toolkits, remodelling of which underlies adaptive cellular responses. Alterations of these Ca 2+ signalling toolkits lead to aberrant Ca 2+ signalling which is fundamental for the pathophysiology of numerous diseases from acute pancreatitis to neurodegeneration. This paper introduces a theme issue on this topic, which arose from a Royal Society Theo Murphy scientific meeting held in March 2016. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolution brings Ca 2+ and ATP together to control life and death’.