Affiliation:
1. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory MIVEGEC (CNRS IRD Uni Montpellier), 34090 Montpellier, France
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are ancient viruses infecting vertebrates, from fishes to mammals. Although the genomes of PVs are small and show conserved synteny, PVs display large genotypic diversity and ample variation in the phenotypic presentation of the infection. Most PV genomes contain two small early genes
E6
and
E7
. In a bunch of closely related human papillomaviruses (HPVs), the E6 and E7 proteins provide the viruses with oncogenic potential. The recent discoveries of PVs without
E6
and
E7
in different fish species place a new root on the PV tree, and suggest that ancestral PVs consisted of the minimal PV backbone
E1-E2-L2-L1
. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses date the most recent common ancestor of the PV backbone to 424 million years ago (Ma). Common ancestry tests on extant
E6
and
E7
genes indicate that they share a common ancestor dating back to at least 184 Ma. In
AlphaPVs
infecting Old World monkeys and apes, the appearance of the
E5
oncogene 53–58 Ma concurred with (i) a significant increase in substitution rate, (ii) a basal radiation and (iii) key gain of functions in E6 and E7. This series of events was instrumental to construct the extant phenotype of oncogenic HPVs. Our results assemble the current knowledge on PV diversity and present an ancient evolutionary timeline punctuated by evolutionary innovations in the history of this successful viral family.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses’.
Funder
European Research Council
European Union Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie research and innovation programme
Subject
General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Cited by
35 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献