Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic: relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey

Author:

Lieberoth Andreas12ORCID,Lin Shiang-Yi3,Stöckli Sabrina4ORCID,Han Hyemin5ORCID,Kowal Marta6ORCID,Gelpi Rebekah7ORCID,Chrona Stavroula8ORCID,Tran Thao Phuong9ORCID,Jeftić Alma10ORCID,Rasmussen Jesper11ORCID,Cakal Huseyin12ORCID,Milfont Taciano L.13,Lieberoth Andreas14ORCID,Yamada Yuki15ORCID,Han Hyemin16ORCID,Rasmussen Jesper17ORCID,Amin Rizwana18ORCID,Debove Stephane19ORCID,Gelpí Rebekah20ORCID,Flis Ivan21ORCID,Sahin Hafize22ORCID,Turk Fidan23ORCID,Yeh Yao-Yuan24ORCID,Ho Yuen Wan25ORCID,Sikka Pilleriin26ORCID,Delgado-Garcia Guillermo27ORCID,Lacko David28ORCID,Mamede Salomé29ORCID,Zerhouni Oulmann30ORCID,Tuominen Jarno31ORCID,Bircan Tuba32ORCID,Wang Austin Horng-En33ORCID,Ikizer Gozde34ORCID,Lins Samuel29ORCID,Studzinska Anna35ORCID,Cakal Huseyin36ORCID,Uddin Muhammad Kamal37ORCID,Juárez Fernanda Pérez-Gay38ORCID,Chen Fang-Yu39ORCID,Kowal Marta40ORCID,Sanli Aybegum Memisoglu41ORCID,Lys Agnieszka E.42ORCID,Reynoso-Alcántara Vicenta43ORCID,González Rubén Flores44ORCID,Griffin Amanda M.45ORCID,López Claudio Rafael Castro44,Nezkusilova Jana46ORCID,Ćepulić Dominik-Borna21ORCID,Aquino Sibele47ORCID,Marot Tiago A.47ORCID,Blackburn Angélique M.48,Boullu Loïs49,Bavolar Jozef50ORCID,Kacmar Pavol50ORCID,Wu Charles K. S.51,Areias João Carlos29,Natividade Jean C.47ORCID,Mari Silvia52ORCID,Ahmed Oli53ORCID,Dranseika Vilius54ORCID,Cristofori Irene55ORCID,Coll-Martín Tao56ORCID,Eichel Kristina57ORCID,Kumaga Raisa58ORCID,Ermagan-Caglar Eda59ORCID,Bamwesigye Dastan60ORCID,Tag Benjamin61ORCID,Chrona Stavroula62ORCID,Contreras-Ibáñez Carlos C.63ORCID,Aruta John Jamir Benzon R.64ORCID,Naidu Priyanka A.65ORCID,Tran Thao P.66ORCID,Dilekler İlknur34ORCID,Čeněk Jiří67ORCID,Islam Md. Nurul68ORCID,Ch'ng Brendan69ORCID,Sechi Cristina70ORCID,Nebel Steve71ORCID,Sayılan Gülden72ORCID,Jha Shruti73ORCID,Vestergren Sara74ORCID,Ihaya Keiko75,Guillaume Gautreau76ORCID,Travaglino Giovanni A.77ORCID,Rachev Nikolay R.78ORCID,Hanusz Krzysztof79ORCID,Pírko Martin80ORCID,West J. Noël81,Cyrus-Lai Wilson82ORCID,Najmussaqib Arooj83,Romano Eugenia84ORCID,Noreika Valdas85ORCID,Musliu Arian86,Sungailaite Emilija87,Kosa Mehmet88ORCID,Lentoor Antonio G.89ORCID,Sinha Nidhi90ORCID,Bender Andrew R.91ORCID,Meshi Dar92ORCID,Bhandari Pratik93ORCID,Byrne Grace94ORCID,Jeftic Alma95ORCID,Kalinova Kalina78ORCID,Hubena Barbora96ORCID,Ninaus Manuel97ORCID,Díaz Carlos98ORCID,Scarpaci Alessia99ORCID,Koszałkowska Karolina100ORCID,Pankowski Daniel101ORCID,Yaneva Teodora78ORCID,Morales-Izquierdo Sara102,Uzelac Ena103ORCID,Lee Yookyung104ORCID,Lin Shiang-Yi105ORCID,Hristova Dayana106ORCID,Hakim Moh Abdul107ORCID,Deschrijver Eliane108ORCID,Kavanagh Phillip S.109ORCID,Shata Aya110,Reyna Cecilia111ORCID,De Leon Gabriel A.112,Tisocco Franco113ORCID,Mola Débora Jeanette111ORCID,Shani Maor114ORCID,Mahlungulu Samkelisiwe115,Ozery Daphna Hausman116,Caniëls Marjolein C. J.117ORCID,Correa Pablo Sebastián111ORCID,Ortiz María Victoria111ORCID,Vilar Roosevelt118ORCID,Makaveeva Tsvetelina78,Stöckli Sabrina119ORCID,Pummerer Lotte97ORCID,Nikolova Irina117ORCID,Bujić Mila120ORCID,Szebeni Zea121ORCID,Pennato Tiziana122,Taranu Mihaela123ORCID,Martinez Liz124ORCID,Capelos Tereza125ORCID,Belaus Anabel111ORCID,Dubrov Dmitrii126ORCID

Affiliation:

1. School of Culture and Society (Interacting Minds Center), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

2. Danish School of Education (DPU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

3. Hong Kong Institute of Education, Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong

4. University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

5. Educational Psychology Program, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

6. Wroclaw University Institute of Psychology, Wroclaw 50-527, Poland

7. Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

8. Department of European and International Studies, King's College London, London, UK

9. Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

10. Peace Research Institute, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan

11. Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

12. School of Psychology, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK

13. School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Wellington, New Zealand

14. Aarhus University, Danish School of Educaction (DPU) and Interacting Minds Center (IMC), Denmark

15. Kyushu University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Japan

16. University of Alabama, Educational Psychology Program, USA

17. Aarhus University, Department of Political Science, Denmark

18. Bahria University Islamabad, Dept of Professional Psychology, Pakistan

19. Independent researcher, France

20. University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, Canada

21. Catholic University of Croatia, Department of Psychology, Croatia

22. Independent researcher, UK

23. University of Sheffield, Department of Psychology, UK

24. University of St. Thomas, Houston, Center for International Studies, USA

25. Northeastern University, Psychology Department, USA

26. University of Turku, Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, Finland; University of Skövde, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, Sweden

27. Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Mexico

28. Masaryk university, Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, Czech Republic

29. University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Portugal

30. Université Paris Nanterre, France

31. University of Turku, Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, Finland

32. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Interface Demography, Belgium

33. University of Nevada, Las Vegas USA

34. TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Department of Psychology, Turkey

35. University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Faculty of Psychology, Poland

36. School of Psychology, Keele University, UK

37. University of Dhaka, Department of Psychology, Bangladesh

38. McGill University, Canada

39. Michigan State University, USA

40. University of Wrocłąw, Institute of Psychology, Poland

41. Middle East Technical University, Department of Psychology, Turkey

42. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Psychology, Poland

43. University of Veracruz; National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico

44. University of Veracruz, Mexico

45. Univeristy of Oregon, USA

46. Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Slovakia

47. Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

48. Texas A&M International University, Department of Psychology & Communications, USA

49. Independant, France

50. Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, Slovakia

51. Department of Political Science, Purdue University, USA

52. University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy

53. Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh

54. Faculty of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania

55. Department of Biology, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1/ Institute of Cognitive Sciences Marc Jeannerod CNRS UMR5229, France

56. Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain

57. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, United States of America

58. School of Health and Social Care,University of Essex, UK

59. University of Northampton, Department of Psychology, UK

60. Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic

61. University of Melbourne, Australia

62. King's College London, School of Politics and Economics, Department of European and International Studies (EIS), United Kingdom

63. Departamento de Sociología. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mexico

64. De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

65. Griffith University, School of Applied Psychology, Australia

66. Colorado State University, Psychology, USA

67. Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, Czech Republic

68. University of Chittagong, Psychology, Bangladesh

69. Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Malaysia

70. Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, Italy

71. Psychology of learning with digital media, Department of Media Research, Germany

72. Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Department of Psychology, Turkey

73. Somerville School (Lott Carey Baptist Mission in India), Greater NOIDA, India

74. University of Salford, School of Health & Society, UK

75. Kyushu University, Admission Center, Japan

76. Université Paris-Saclay, France

77. University of Kent, UK

78. Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria, Department of General, Experimental, Developmental, and Health Psychology, Bulgaria

79. Institute of Psychology Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

80. Institute of Lifelong Learning at Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic

81. University of Sheffield, Department of Philosophy, United Kingdom

82. INSEAD, Singapore

83. Department of Professional Psychology, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan

84. King's College London, Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, UK

85. Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK

86. Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Kosovo

87. Independent, UK

88. Tilburg University, Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Netherlands

89. Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, South Africa

90. Indian Institute of Technology, Hydera bad, India

91. Michigan State University, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, East Lansing, USA

92. Michigan State University, Department of Advertising and Public Relations, USA

93. Department of Psychology, and Department of Language Science and Technology, Saarland University, Germany

94. Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands

95. Peace Research Institute, International Christian University, Japan

96. Independent researcher, Czech Republic

97. Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany

98. Independent researcher, Denmark

99. Independent Researcher, Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Italy/UK

100. University of Lodz, Institute of Psychology, Poland

101. University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Faculty of Psychology and University of Warsaw, Faculty of Psychology, Poland

102. University of Warwick, Department of Psychology, United Kingdom

103. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Department of Psychology, Croatia

104. The University of Texas at Austin, Educational Psychology, USA

105. the Education University of Hong Kong, Centre for Child and Family Sciences, Hong Kong SAR

106. Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria

107. Department of Psychology, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

108. Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Belgium; University of New South Wales (UNSW), School of Psychology, Belgium; Australia

109. Discipline of Psychology, University of Canberra, Australia

110. University of Miami, School of Communication, Egypt

111. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina

112. Texas A&M International University, USA

113. Instituto de Investigaciones en Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

114. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

115. Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine,

116. California State University, Northridge, Department of Educational Psychology & Conseling, USA

117. Open University, Faculty of Management sciences, The Netherlands

118. Faculdades Integradas de Patos, Department of Psychology, Brazil

119. Department Consumer Behavior, University of Bern, Switzerland

120. Tampere University, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Finland

121. University of Helsinki, Swedish School of Social Sciences, Finland

122. School of Compared Psychotherapy, Florence, Italy

123. Aarhus University, Insitute for Culture and Society, Interacting Minds centre, Denmark

124. University of California, USA

125. University of Birmingham, UK

126. National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation

Abstract

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/ytbcs . This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis.

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference104 articles.

1. The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Chinese Individuals

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5. Harvard Kennedy School. 2020 COVID-19: Insights and Solutions . See https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty-research/policy-topics/health/covid-19-insights-and-solutions.

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