Ancient DNA reveals multiple origins and migration waves of extinct Japanese brown bear lineages

Author:

Segawa Takahiro1ORCID,Yonezawa Takahiro2,Mori Hiroshi3,Akiyoshi Ayumi4,Allentoft Morten E.56,Kohno Ayako7,Tokanai Fuyuki8,Willerslev Eske6910,Kohno Naoki711ORCID,Nishihara Hidenori12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan

2. Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi City, Kanagawa, Japan

3. National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima City, Shizuoka, Japan

4. National Institute of Polar Research, Midori-cho 10-3, Tachikawa City, Tokyo, Japan

5. Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia

6. Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

7. Department of Geology and Paleontology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

8. Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa City, Yamagata 990-3101, Japan

9. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

10. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK

11. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

12. School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-S2-17 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan

Abstract

Little is known about how mammalian biogeography on islands was affected by sea-level fluctuations. In the Japanese Archipelago, brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) currently inhabit only Hokkaido, the northern island, but Pleistocene fossils indicate a past distribution throughout Honshu, Japan's largest island. However, the difficulty of recovering ancient DNA from fossils in temperate East Asia has limited our understanding of their evolutionary history. Here, we analysed mitochondrial DNA from a 32 500-year-old brown bear fossil from Honshu. Our results show that this individual belonged to a previously unknown lineage that split approximately 160 Ka from its sister lineage, the southern Hokkaido clade. This divergence time and fossil record suggest that brown bears migrated from the Eurasian continent to Honshu at least twice; the first population was an early-diverging lineage (greater than 340 Ka), and the second migrated via Hokkaido after approximately 160 Ka, during the ice age. Thus, glacial-age sea-level falls might have facilitated migrations of large mammals more frequently than previously thought, which may have had a substantial impact on ecosystem dynamics in these isolated islands.

Funder

Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference61 articles.

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3. Hasegawa Y. 1977 The faunal succession and distributions of vertebrates in Japan. In Research for the Japanese Pleistocene: its developments and present status (ed. N Watanabe), pp. 227-243. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press.

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5. Sato Y. 2015 Ursus arctos Linnaeus 1758. In The wild mammals of Japan (2nd edn) (eds SD Odachi Y Ishibashi MA Iwasa D Fukui T Saitoh) p. 506. Kyoto Japan: Shokado Book Sellers and the Mammalogical Society of Japan.

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