Chytrid infections exhibit historical spread and contemporary seasonality in a declining stream-breeding frog

Author:

Belasen A. M.12ORCID,Peek R. A.3ORCID,Adams A. J.4ORCID,Russell I. D.5ORCID,De León M. E.6ORCID,Adams M. J.7ORCID,Bettaso J.8,Breedveld K. G. H.9ORCID,Catenazzi A.10ORCID,Dillingham C. P.11ORCID,Grear D. A.12ORCID,Halstead B. J.13ORCID,Johnson P. G.14ORCID,Kleeman P. M.13ORCID,Koo M. S.15ORCID,Koppl C. W.11,Lauder J. D.16ORCID,Padgett-Flohr G.17,Piovia-Scott J.18ORCID,Pope K. L.19ORCID,Vredenburg V.20ORCID,Westphal M.21,Wiseman K.22,Kupferberg S. J.23

Affiliation:

1. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

2. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

3. California Department of Fish and Wildlife, West Sacramento, CA, USA

4. Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

5. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

6. Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

7. U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, OR, USA

8. Six Rivers National Forest, Lower Trinity Ranger District, USDA Forest Service, P.O. Box 68, Willow Creek, CA, USA

9. Spring Rivers Ecological Sciences LLC, Cassel, CA, USA

10. Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

11. Plumas National Forest, USDA Forest Service, Quincy, CA, USA

12. U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, USA

13. Point Reyes Field Station, U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Point Reyes Station, CA, USA

14. Pinnacles National Park, National Park Service, Paicines, CA, USA

15. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA

16. Sierra Streams Institute, Nevada City, CA, USA

17. ICF, Sacramento, CA

18. School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA

19. Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Arcata, CA, USA

20. Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA

21. Central Coast Field Office, United States Bureau of Land Management, Marina, CA, USA

22. Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA

23. Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Abstract

Species with extensive geographical ranges pose special challenges to assessing drivers of wildlife disease, necessitating collaborative and large-scale analyses. The imperilled foothill yellow-legged frog ( Rana boylii ) inhabits a wide geographical range and variable conditions in rivers of California and Oregon (USA), and is considered threatened by the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). To assess drivers of Bd infections over time and space, we compiled over 2000 datapoints from R. boylii museum specimens (collected 1897–2005) and field samples (2005–2021) spanning 9° of latitude. We observed a south-to-north spread of Bd detections beginning in the 1940s and increase in prevalence from the 1940s to 1970s, coinciding with extirpation from southern latitudes. We detected eight high-prevalence geographical clusters through time that span the species' geographical range. Field-sampled male R. boylii exhibited the highest prevalence, and juveniles sampled in autumn exhibited the highest loads. Bd infection risk was highest in lower elevation rain-dominated watersheds, and with cool temperatures and low stream-flow conditions at the end of the dry season. Through a holistic assessment of relationships between infection risk, geographical context and time, we identify the locations and time periods where Bd mitigation and monitoring will be critical for conservation of this imperilled species.

Funder

US Geological Survey

Schmidt Family Foundation

Mildred E. Mathias

Directorate for Biological Sciences

Cedar Tree Foundation

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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