Genetic and behavioural factors affecting interpopulation colour pattern variation in two congeneric chameleon species

Author:

Keren-Rotem Tammy1,Main Devon C.2,Barocas Adi34ORCID,Donaire-Barroso David5,Haddas-Sasson Michal6,Vila Carles7,Shaharabany Tal8,Wolf Lior9,Tolley Krystal A.210,Geffen Eli6ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Ecology Department, Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Jerusalem, Israel

2. Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa

3. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA, USA

4. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

5. Asociación Herpetológica Fretum Gaditanum, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain

6. School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

7. Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain

8. The Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

9. School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

10. Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa

Abstract

We conducted a study on interpopulation variation of colour patterns in two congeneric chameleon species, which have an analogous life history. Both species are able to rapidly change colour pattern, and their context-dependent colour patterns often vary across a wide geographical range. Specifically, we tested four hypotheses that can explain the observed interpopulation variation of colour patterns by a series of behavioural field trials where the colour patterns of individuals were recorded and later analysed by a deep neural network algorithm. We used redundancy analysis to relate genetic, spectral and behavioural predictors to interpopulation colour pattern distance. Our results showed that both isolation by distance (IBD) and alternative mating tactics were significant predictors for interpopulation colour pattern variation in Chamaeleo chamaeleon males. By contrast, in Chamaeleo dilepis , the interpopulation colour pattern variation was largely explained by IBD, and evidence for alternative mating tactics was absent. In both chameleon species, the environmental colours showed no evidence of influencing chameleon interpopulation colour pattern variation, regardless of sex or behavioural context. This contrasting finding suggests that interpopulation context-dependent colour pattern variations in each species are maintained under a different set of selective pressures or circumstances.

Funder

Tel Aviv University

Publisher

The Royal Society

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