Bubble ascent and rupture in mud volcanoes

Author:

Rudolph Maxwell L.1ORCID,Sahu Kirti Chandra2,Savva Nikos34,Szilágyi András5,Hórvölgyi Zoltán5,Márton Péter5,Tajti Ádám6,Szép Károly78,Balog Boglárka5,Tripathi Manoj Kumar9,Manikantan Harishankar10,Forray Ferenc L.11,Manga Michael12,Hantz Peter1314

Affiliation:

1. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California , Davis, CA, USA

2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad , Hyderabad, India

3. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Cyprus , Nicosia, Cyprus

4. The Cyprus Institute, Computation‐based Science and Technology Research Center , Nicosia, Cyprus

5. Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Budapest, Hungary

6. Bálint Analitika Kft. , Budapest, Hungary

7. University of Pannonia , Veszprém, Hungary

8. Renovatív Attitűd Kft , Boldogkőváralja, Hungary

9. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

10. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California , Davis, CA, USA

11. Department of Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University , Cluj / Kolozsvár, Romania

12. Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA

13. Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary

14. Fibervar LLC. , Cluj / Kolozsvár, Romania

Abstract

Large gas bubbles can reach the surface of pools of mud and lava where they burst, often through the formation and expansion of circular holes. Bursting bubbles release volatiles and generate spatter, and hence play a key role in volcanic degassing and volcanic edifice construction. Here, we study the ascent and rupture of bubbles using a combination of field observations at Pâclele Mici (Romania), laboratory experiments with mud from the Imperial Valley (California, USA), numerical simulations and theoretical models. Numerical simulations predict that bubbles ascend through the mud as elliptical caps that develop a dimple at the apex as they impinge on the free surface. We documented the rupture of bubbles in nature and under laboratory conditions using high-speed video. The bursting of mud bubbles starts with the nucleation of multiple holes, which form at a near-constant rate and in quick succession. The quasi-circular holes rapidly grow and coalesce, and the sheet evolves towards a filamentous structure that finally falls back into the mud pool, sometimes breaking up into droplets. The rate of expansion of holes in the sheet can be explained by a generalization of the Taylor–Culick theory, which is shown to hold independent of the fluid rheology.

Funder

Division of Earth Sciences

Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme

Ministry of Culture of Hungary

Publisher

The Royal Society

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