Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification patterns of side-necked turtles (Testudines: Pleurodira)

Author:

Ferreira Gabriel S.123ORCID,Bronzati Mario45ORCID,Langer Max C.1,Sterli Juliana6

Affiliation:

1. Biology Department, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

2. Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP) at Eberhard Karls Universität, Sigwartstraße 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany

3. Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany

4. Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 80333 Munich, Germany

5. Department of Earth and Enviromental Sciences, Ludwig–Maximilians–Universität, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 80333 Munich, Germany

6. CONICET-Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Fontana 140, 9100 Trelew, Chubut, Argentina

Abstract

Pleurodires or side-necked turtles are today restricted to freshwater environments of South America, Africa–Madagascar and Australia, but in the past they were distributed much more broadly, being found also on Eurasia, India and North America, and marine environments. Two hypotheses were proposed to explain this distribution; in the first, vicariance would have shaped the current geographical distribution and, in the second, extinctions constrained a previously widespread distribution. Here, we aim to reconstruct pleurodiran biogeographic history and diversification patterns based on a new phylogenetic hypothesis recovered from the analysis of the largest morphological dataset yet compiled for the lineage, testing which biogeographical process prevailed during its evolutionary history. The resulting topology generally agrees with previous hypotheses of the group and shows that most diversification shifts were related to the exploration of new niches, e.g. littoral or marine radiations. In addition, as other turtles, pleurodires do not seem to have been much affected by either the Cretaceous–Palaeogene or the Eocene–Oligocene mass extinctions. The biogeographic analyses highlight the predominance of both anagenetic and cladogenetic dispersal events and support the importance of transoceanic dispersals as a more common driver of area changes than previously thought, agreeing with previous studies with other non-turtle lineages.

Funder

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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