The effect of crystal orientation on the indentation response of commercially pure titanium: experiments and simulations

Abstract

This study combines nanoindentation, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and crystal plasticity finite element analysis to examine the anisotropy in the indentation behaviour of individual grains within an α-Ti polycrystal. Nanoindentation is utilized to mechanically probe small volumes of material within grains for which orientations are known from prior EBSD mapping. Both indentation modulus and hardness decrease significantly as the indentation axis is inclined further from the c -axis; the plastic response showing the more marked anisotropy. Recently developed high angular resolution EBSD has been utilized to examine selected indents, providing maps of elastic strain variations and lattice rotations. From such maps lower bound solutions for the density of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) have been established. Crystal plasticity modelling showed promise in capturing correctly the orientation dependence of load–displacement response and in lattice rotations local to the indenter, particularly for indentation into a basal plane which generated threefold rotational symmetry about an axis parallel with the indentation direction which was also observed in experiments.