The ventilation of buildings and other mitigating measures for COVID-19: a focus on wintertime

Author:

Burridge Henry C.1ORCID,Bhagat Rajesh K.2ORCID,Stettler Marc E. J.1,Kumar Prashant3,De Mel Ishanki4,Demis Panagiotis4,Hart Allen5,Johnson-Llambias Yyanis5,King Marco-Felipe6ORCID,Klymenko Oleksiy4,McMillan Alison7,Morawiecki Piotr5,Pennington Thomas5,Short Michael4,Sykes David8,Trinh Philippe H.5ORCID,Wilson Stephen K.9ORCID,Wong Clint10,Wragg Hayley5,Davies Wykes Megan S.11,Iddon Chris12,Woods Andrew W.13,Mingotti Nicola13,Bhamidipati Neeraja13,Woodward Huw14ORCID,Beggs Clive15,Davies Hywel12,Fitzgerald Shaun11,Pain Christopher16,Linden P. F.2

Affiliation:

1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, Skempton Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK

2. Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK

3. Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

4. Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

5. Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK

6. School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK

7. Prifysgol Glyndŵr Wrecsam, Ffordd yr Wyddgrug, Wrecsam LL11 2AW: Wrexham Glyndŵr University, Mold Road, Wrexham LL11 2AW, UK

8. AEROS Consultancy, 35 Nairn St, Glasgow G3 8SE, UK

9. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, UK

10. Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK

11. Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK

12. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS, UK

13. BP Institute for Multiphase Flow, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK

14. Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK

15. Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QT, UK

16. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK

Abstract

The year 2020 has seen the emergence of a global pandemic as a result of the disease COVID-19. This report reviews knowledge of the transmission of COVID-19 indoors, examines the evidence for mitigating measures, and considers the implications for wintertime with a focus on ventilation.

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Physics and Astronomy,General Engineering,General Mathematics

Reference118 articles.

1. UK Government. 2020 The R number and growth rate in the UK. See http://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-r-number-in-the-uk#latest-r-number.

2. UK Government. 2018 BB 101: Ventilation thermal comfort and indoor air quality 2018. See http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/building-bulletin-101-ventilation-for-school-buildings.

3. The flow physics of COVID-19

4. It is time to address airborne transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19);Morawska L;Clin. Infect. Dis,2021

5. How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

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