Abstract
For an aerial within the ionosphere, there is a cone of directions within which a radio signal coming in to the earth can reach the aerial. The variation of signal with angle near the edge of this cone is given by an Airy integral function or its derivative, and methods of finding this function are given for an isotropic horizontally stratified ionosphere, both when the earth is assumed to be flat and when its curvature is allowed for. For directions well within the cone, two different rays can reach the receiver, and one of them touches a caustic surface and in consequence suffers a phase change of 90°. For an anisotropic ionosphere, the form of the results would be similar, but further study of the electromagnetic equations within the ionosphere is needed before they can be given in detail.
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