1. Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
2. Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
3. Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
4. Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
5. Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA