Towards the generation of gnotobiotic larvae as a tool to investigate the influence of the microbiome on the development of the amphibian immune system

Author:

Miller Abigail J.1ORCID,Gass Jordan1ORCID,Jo Myung Chul2,Bishop Lucas3ORCID,Petereit Juli3ORCID,Woodhams Douglas C.4ORCID,Voyles Jamie1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA

2. Environmental Health and Safety, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA

3. Nevada Bioinformatics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA

4. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA

Abstract

The immune equilibrium model suggests that exposure to microbes during early life primes immune responses for pathogen exposure later in life. While recent studies using a range of gnotobiotic (germ-free) model organisms offer support for this theory, we currently lack a tractable model system for investigating the influence of the microbiome on immune system development. Here, we used an amphibian species ( Xenopus laevis ) to investigate the importance of the microbiome in larval development and susceptibility to infectious disease later in life. We found that experimental reductions of the microbiome during embryonic and larval stages effectively reduced microbial richness, diversity and altered community composition in tadpoles prior to metamorphosis. In addition, our antimicrobial treatments resulted in few negative effects on larval development, body condition, or survival to metamorphosis. However, contrary to our predictions, our antimicrobial treatments did not alter susceptibility to the lethal fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ) in the adult life stage. While our treatments to reduce the microbiome during early development did not play a critical role in determining susceptibility to disease caused by Bd in X. laevis , they nevertheless indicate that developing a gnotobiotic amphibian model system may be highly useful for future immunological investigations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Amphibian immunity: stress, disease and ecoimmunology’.

Funder

National Institute of General Medical Sciences

National Science Foundation

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

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1. Introduction to the special issue Amphibian immunity: stress, disease and ecoimmunology;Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences;2023-06-12

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