1. Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, Canada
2. Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
3. Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4. School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of China
5. School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada