Low-cost, open-access quantitative phase imaging of algal cells using the transport of intensity equation

Author:

Grant Stephen D.1ORCID,Richford Kyle1,Burdett Heidi L.23ORCID,McKee David1,Patton Brian R.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Physics and SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK

2. Lyell Centre for Earth and Marine Science and Technology, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK

3. School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK

Abstract

Phase microscopy allows stain-free imaging of transparent biological samples. One technique, using the transport of intensity equation (TIE), can be performed without dedicated hardware by simply processing pairs of images taken at known spacings within the sample. The resulting TIE images are quantitative phase maps of unstained biological samples. Therefore, spatially resolved optical path length (OPL) information can also be determined. Using low-cost, open-source hardware, we applied the TIE to living algal cells to measure their effect on OPL. We obtained OPL values that were repeatable within species and differed by distinct amounts depending on the species being measured. We suggest TIE imaging as a method of discrimination between different algal species and, potentially, non-biological materials, based on refractive index/OPL. Potential applications in biogeochemical modelling and climate sciences are suggested.

Funder

Royal Society

Publisher

The Royal Society

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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