Abstract
Objective: Pain conditions exhibit variations linked to circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms, regulated by clock proteins, impact melatonin levels and immune functions. Melatonin, structurally similar to indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, serves as an alternative in pain-related conditions. Literature suggests a correlation between melatonin-dependent regulation of circadian rhythm and reductions in pain complaints. 2(3<i>H</i>)-Benzoxazolone, known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, is a promising scaffold for drug design. In this study, pharmacophore analysis focused on benzoxazolone derivatives, evaluating their impact on clock proteins, and providing insights into potential chronotherapeutic implications. Methods: Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were conducted on CLOCK:BMAL1, PER1, PER2, CRY1, and CRY2 clock proteins using benzoxazolone and its 5-substituted derivatives. Molecular mechanics/Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) calculations were employed to analyze binding free energies. Benzoxazolone derivatives, especially 5-nitro-2-benzoxazolone and 5-fluoro-2-benzoxazolone, exhibited elevated binding affinities on clock proteins compared to melatonin and indomethacin, the reference molecules. The interaction profiles and stability of complexes were maintained throughout the simulations. Results: The results suggest a regulatory impact on CRY proteins, emphasizing their role in circadian rhythm and pain modulation. In addition, the benzoxazolone ring and its derivatives, structurally resembling the core structure of melatonin and indomethacin, demonstrate promising affinities on clock proteins. Conclusion: These findings provide preliminary data and hypothetically propose benzoxazolone derivatives as potential candidates for dual functionality in analgesic activity and circadian rhythm regulation, warranting further in vitro and clinical investigations.
Publisher
Chronobiology in Medicine