Radiation and Mixed Convection Magnetohydrodynamics Boundary Layer of Hybrid Cu–Al2O3/Water Nanofluid Flow Over a Wall Jet

Abstract

The mixed convection MHD boundary layer flow of the hybrid nanofluid (copper–titanium dioxide/water) over a permeable wall jet surface subject to thermal radiation was studied with the effects of suction/injection and thermal energy. The governing PDEs were converted into non-linear ODEs by using the proper similarity transformations. Then, these equations were numerically solved applying the method of Chebyshev pseudo spectral differentiation matrix (ChPDM). The results were deduced for the flow field, temperature distribution, reduced skin friction coefficient and reduced Nusselt number. It was found that the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers decreases and increases, respectively, as the strength of the magnetic field increases. Further, in the industrial applications, the normal angle is to be applied if low velocity and high temperature is needed. Moreover, as the mixed convection parameter rises, the velocity and temperature increases and decreases, respectively. In addition, it was mentioned that the radiation parameter can control the thermal boundary layer. Finally, the Cu-nanoparticles volume fraction plays a very important role in the velocity variation.