1. Bigelow, H.B. & W.C. Schroeder. 1948. Sharks. pp. 244–254. In: Fishes ofthe western North Atlantic, Pt 1: lancelets, cyclostomes, and sharks, Sears Found. Mar. Res. Memoir 1, Yale University. New Haven.
2. Callard, G.V. 1991. Spermatogenesis. pp. 303–341. In: P. Pang and M. Schreibman (ed.) Vertebrate Endocrinology: Fundamentals and Biomedical Implications, Vol 4, Part A, Academic Press, San Diego.
3. Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO species catalogue, Vol 4, Part 2: Sharksof the world. FAO, Rome. 655 pp.
4. Conrath, C.L. 2000. Population dynamics of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis, in the northwest Atlantic. M.Sc. Thesis, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point. 93 pp.
5. Francis, M.P. 1981. Von Bertalanffy growth rates in species of Mustelus (Elasmobranchii: Triakidae). Copeia 1981: 189–192.