Within-tree distribution and seasonal dynamics of Eutetranychus banksi and Euseius stipulatus (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) on citrus: Implications for the biological control of the pest

Abstract

The Texas citrus mite, Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a citrus pest widely distributed throughout the Americas and recently introduced in Spain. In this study we studied the within-tree distribution of E. banksi and the predatory phytoseiid mites, identify the phytoseiid species associated with the pest, and describe the seasonal trends to analyse the predator’s behaviour in response to the increase in pest density, allowing evaluation of biological control possibilities. The Texas citrus mite was mainly found on the adaxial (upper) side of leaves from the current year's shoots located at the periphery of the tree canopy, whereas phytoseiids prefer the abaxial (lower) side of leaves inside the tree canopy. The spider mite preferred to feed on leaves rather than fruits, whereas phytoseiids use both substrates equally. Eutetranychus banksi showed a single population peak in late summer-early autumn, while phytoseiids showed two peaks, a main spring peak and a second less abundant in autumn. The seasonal dynamics of E. banksi and phytoseiids on fruits occurred in parallel to those recorded on leaves. Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) was the most frequent and abundant phytoseiid species, apparently displacing other predatory mites. In autumn, when E. banksi reached high densities, phytoseiids moved from the leaf abaxial sides inside the tree canopy to the adaxial sides on the periphery and to the fruits, to feed on E. banksi. In addition, a change in phytoseiid colouration from white to reddish-brown was observed. Both, the number of red phytoseiids and their leaf occupation increased significantly in response to the prey population growth, which was indirect evidence of their contribution to the biological pest control. However, the low predator:prey ratios observed cannot avoid the pest population growth.